Advantages of Linux

Linux is an operating system like Windows. Linux has a modular design and has various distribution versions. Linux has many advantages, the biggest advantage of which is that it is an open source operating system that anyone can use for free. If you have an old PC or laptop lying dormant at home, you can build an excellent server to run as a web server.

Original Korean article: How to Install CentOS 8: Download and Basic Server Setup Guide

Linux type

There are several different distributions of Linux, and the number reaches hundreds. Android developed by Google is also a Linux distribution. Representative distributions include CentoOS, Debian, Fedora, and Ubuntu.

• Ubuntu is the most widely used desktop operating system following Windows and Mac OS and was developed based on the Debian distribution.
• Centos is primarily used in enterprise and web servers and is developed based on Red Hat Enterprise Distro, a free enterprise-level operating system.

CentOS Linux, developed based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), ended support in 2021 and was changed to CentOS Stream. CentOS Stream can be viewed as RHEL's upstream (development) operating system.

Download Centos 8

When you access the Centos download page, it is divided into two categories: Centos Linux and CentOS Stream. https://www.centos.org/download/

So the download link is different for Architectures. The difference lies in the technology used to manufacture the processor, with smartphone systems using ARM technology and computers using x86 technology. To install on a PC, download x86_64 of CentOS 8 Stream.

Creating a boot disk with Refus

Create a boot disk using the downloaded USB.

Start Centos installation

• When setting up a partition in disk settings, you can set the disk capacity according to the mount location or automatically create a partition.

• /: root directory, the highest level directory in Linux
• /home: This is the general user directory of the system. When the administrator creates a user, it is created under this directory.
• /var: Directories that must be divided include spooling files (spool), mail files (mail), and log files (log).
• SWAP: A virtual memory function that allows you to use more memory than the actual memory of the system installing Linux. Usually set to twice the installed memory.

Software selection selects the second server and no additional software.

When creating a user, check ‘Set this user as an administrator’ to allow root access.

When the installation preparations are complete, the ‘Start Installation’ button becomes activated and clicking it starts the installation.

Just enter the ID/PW registered as a user.

Next post

Good article to read together

• Activate Centos 8 RHEL & REMI Repository
• Install Nginx web server (Centos 8)
• firewall settings
• Linux user management useradd usermod userdel
• Linux administrator tool – enable cockpit

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FAQ

What is this article about?

This article is an English translation and global-reader adaptation of the Korean post “How to Install CentOS 8: Download and Basic Server Setup Guide.” It preserves the original article’s main explanation, examples, and practical context.

Why is it translated into English?

The English version helps global readers access Thinknote articles through English search keywords while keeping the Korean source available as the original reference.

Where can I read the original Korean version?

You can read the original Korean article here: https://www.thinknote.co.kr/centos-8-install-download/

Red Hat supports cockpit as a server management tool to improve administrator's management efficiency. cockpit provides a user-friendly interface and is also supported on CentOS.

Original Korean article: Linux administrator tool – enable cockpit

cockpit function

• Cockpit is modular and can be expanded by installing additional modules.
• You can additionally set up multiple servers in one cockpit dashboard.
• cockpit uses a socket method and does not use memory during use.
• Cockpit can be accessed by a user with sudoer privileges, but cannot be accessed by root privileges.

Activate cockpit

The installation and connection methods are very simple. When you reboot after installing CentOS 8, the cockpit activation command is displayed at the top of the login page.

After logging in, enter the following code in the terminal.

sudo systemctl enable --now cockpit.socket

After activation, reboot.

sudo reboot

cockpit access

When you reboot, the connection link is initially displayed at the top.

Access https://localhost:9090/ or https://[ip]:9090/ in a web browser. It is displayed as private, but you can click Advanced, move to ‘Not Secure’, and access it.

Good article to read together

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• Activate Centos 8 RHEL & REMI Repository
• Install OpenSSL
• Installing and managing MariaDB (MySQL)
• Install Ubuntu 22.04.1 (VirtualBox)

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FAQ

What is this article about?

This article is an English translation and global-reader adaptation of the Korean post “Linux administrator tool – enable cockpit.” It preserves the original article’s main explanation, examples, and practical context.

Why is it translated into English?

The English version helps global readers access Thinknote articles through English search keywords while keeping the Korean source available as the original reference.

Where can I read the original Korean version?

You can read the original Korean article here: https://www.thinknote.co.kr/linux-cockpit-admin-tool/

Practical Notes for Global Readers

This English draft keeps the original Korean article as its source while adding a short practical reading guide for international readers who may not share the same local context. The main topic is Linux administrator tool – enable cockpit.

How to Use This Guide

Read the steps in order first, then adapt names, paths, package versions, policy details, or local service conditions to your own environment. Older server and software articles may describe a specific Ubuntu, CentOS, PHP, Nginx, or Linux administration context, so verify current package names before applying commands on a production system.

Before You Apply the Steps

Back up configuration files, confirm your server access method, and test changes in a safe environment whenever possible. If the article discusses policy, travel, finance, or market information, use it as contextual analysis and check the latest official source before making a final decision.

Why This Translation Exists

The purpose of this English version is to make Thinknote’s Korean archive accessible to global search readers while preserving the original article’s practical intent and source link.

Linux is managed by groups and users. User accounts can be created/edited/deleted. Information about user accounts is stored in /etc/passwd.

Original Korean article: Linux user management useradd usermod userdel

Check user list

sudo cat /etc/passwd

Add user and register password

You can register a user with the adduser command.

• -m or –create-home: Add the new user’s home directory. -s or –shell: The shell can be set differently for each user. -u or –uid: Specifies a specific user ID (UID). -c or –comment : GECOS field

sudo adduser [example]

User default settings can be checked in /etc/defaults/useradd.

sudo cat /etc/default/useradd

• Register the user’s password with the passwd [user name] command. Existing users can change their password.

sudo passwd [example]

Edit user information

For existing user accounts, you can change the user name, change the shell, or lock or unlock the account.

• -c or –comment: Modify GECOS field -d or –home: Modify home directory information -e or –expiredate: Set account expiration -l (lowercase L) or –login: Modify username
• -L or –lock: Lock user account
• -U or –unlock : Unlock user

sudo usermod [option] [example]

Delete user

Unnecessary user accounts can be deleted with the userdel command.

• -f or –force: Delete account even when user is logged in -r or –remove: Delete account including mail and home directory

sudo userdel [example]

Good article to read together

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• Activate Centos 8 RHEL & REMI Repository
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• Installing and managing MariaDB (MySQL)
• Install Ubuntu 22.04.1 (VirtualBox)

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FAQ

What is this article about?

This article is an English translation and global-reader adaptation of the Korean post “Linux user management useradd usermod userdel.” It preserves the original article’s main explanation, examples, and practical context.

Why is it translated into English?

The English version helps global readers access Thinknote articles through English search keywords while keeping the Korean source available as the original reference.

Where can I read the original Korean version?

You can read the original Korean article here: https://www.thinknote.co.kr/linux-user-management-useradd-usermod-userdel/

Practical Notes for Global Readers

This English draft keeps the original Korean article as its source while adding a short practical reading guide for international readers who may not share the same local context. The main topic is Linux user management useradd usermod userdel.

How to Use This Guide

Read the steps in order first, then adapt names, paths, package versions, policy details, or local service conditions to your own environment. Older server and software articles may describe a specific Ubuntu, CentOS, PHP, Nginx, or Linux administration context, so verify current package names before applying commands on a production system.

Before You Apply the Steps

Back up configuration files, confirm your server access method, and test changes in a safe environment whenever possible. If the article discusses policy, travel, finance, or market information, use it as contextual analysis and check the latest official source before making a final decision.

Why This Translation Exists

The purpose of this English version is to make Thinknote’s Korean archive accessible to global search readers while preserving the original article’s practical intent and source link.

Activate Centos 8 RHEL & REMI Repository

Original Korean article: Activate Centos 8 RHEL & REMI Repository

RHEL stands for an additional package for Enterprise Linux and provides a repository that can be used on Centos 8 servers. To use the RHEL repository, you must be connected to the Internet and have root or sudo administrator privileges.

RHEL 8 includes new features that accelerate application development, including installation, coding, tool selection, and configuration. Configuring to use the RHEL Repository on CentOS 8 is very simple, and during installation, REMI, which includes the PHP package to be used on the web server, is also installed. REMI is a free and stable dnf(yum) repository centered on the PHP stack and includes packages for the latest version of PHP.

Activate RHEL

sudo dnf search epel

sudo dnf info epel-release

sudo dnf -y install epel-release

sudo dnf update

Activate REMI

You can install the REMI repository by running the following command.

sudo dnf -y install https://rpms.remirepo.net/enterprise/remi-release-8.rpm

sudo dnf update

previous post

Good article to read together

• Linux administrator tool – enable cockpit
• Linux user management useradd usermod userdel
• Install OpenSSL
• Installing and managing MariaDB (MySQL)
• Install Ubuntu 22.04.1 (VirtualBox)

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FAQ

What is this article about?

This article is an English translation and global-reader adaptation of the Korean post “Activate Centos 8 RHEL & REMI Repository.” It preserves the original article’s main explanation, examples, and practical context.

Why is it translated into English?

The English version helps global readers access Thinknote articles through English search keywords while keeping the Korean source available as the original reference.

Where can I read the original Korean version?

You can read the original Korean article here: https://www.thinknote.co.kr/centos-8-rhel-remi-repository/

Practical Notes for Global Readers

This English draft keeps the original Korean article as its source while adding a short practical reading guide for international readers who may not share the same local context. The main topic is Activate Centos 8 RHEL & REMI Repository.

How to Use This Guide

Read the steps in order first, then adapt names, paths, package versions, policy details, or local service conditions to your own environment. Older server and software articles may describe a specific Ubuntu, CentOS, PHP, Nginx, or Linux administration context, so verify current package names before applying commands on a production system.

Before You Apply the Steps

Back up configuration files, confirm your server access method, and test changes in a safe environment whenever possible. If the article discusses policy, travel, finance, or market information, use it as contextual analysis and check the latest official source before making a final decision.

Why This Translation Exists

The purpose of this English version is to make Thinknote’s Korean archive accessible to global search readers while preserving the original article’s practical intent and source link.

1. Understanding and updating firewall

firewalld is a firewall management tool provided by default in the CentOS operating system. firewalld supports both IPv4 and IPv6 networks, operates as defined in the profile area, and is highly reliable.

Original Korean article: firewall settings

• block: Connect only networks started within the system and reject all other connections
• dmz: Allows connections only from allowed ports and provides connections to incoming ports.
• drop: Block all incoming connections and only allow outgoing network connections
• public: Do not trust other servers or computers on the network and allow only necessary ports and services
• trusted: Allow connections to all zones
• home: Connects to a trusted PC on the local network and allows only selected TCP/IP ports

You can use friewall to allow or block traffic. Centos 8 provides a custom-based firewall with a dynamic interface.

A firewall forms a barrier between the system and external sources, preventing external damage from spreading and damaging valuable internal data. Therefore, you must use a firewall and you should not stop it just because the service is not working well.

sudo firewall-cmd --get-zones

sudo firewall-cmd --version

firewall settings

sudo systemctl status firewall

sudo systemctl start firewall

sudo systemctl stop firewall

sudo systemctl restart firewall

sudo systemctl enable firewall

sudo systemctl disable firewall

sudo firewall-cmd --reload

/etc/firewalld/firewalld.conf

firewall firewall port settings

sudo firewall-cmd --list-all

sudo firewall-cmd --list-services

OR

sudo firewall-cmd --list-services --zone=public

sudo firewall-cmd --remove-service=cockpit --permanent

sudo firewall-cmd --remove-service=dhcpv6-client --permanent

You can specify the port directly, but you can also use the service name to operate it.

sudo firewall-cmd --get-services
sudo firewall-cmd --get-services | grep [example example : http or mysql]

Service port information can be checked through the xml file in the link below.

sudo ls -l /usr/lib/firewalld/services/
sudo cat /usr/lib/firewalld/services/ssh.xml

The following is the command to permanently add an http port to the public zone. If you delete –permanent and enter it, it will be added temporarily and will disappear after rebooting. If you register a service and port, it must be reloaded.

sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-service=http --permanent

OR

sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=80/tcp --permanent

sudo firewall-cmd --reload

The following is the command to permanently delete the http port in the public zone. If you delete –permanent and then enter it, it will be temporarily deleted and will remain after rebooting. If you delete a service or port, it must be reloaded.

sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --remove-service=http --permanent

OR

sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --remove-port=80/tcp --permanent

sudo firewall-cmd --reload

The firewall can be updated through git. https://firewalld.org/

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FAQ

What is this article about?

This article is an English translation and global-reader adaptation of the Korean post “firewall settings.” It preserves the original article’s main explanation, examples, and practical context.

Why is it translated into English?

The English version helps global readers access Thinknote articles through English search keywords while keeping the Korean source available as the original reference.

Where can I read the original Korean version?

You can read the original Korean article here: https://www.thinknote.co.kr/firewall-port-settings/

1. Linux Nginx web server vs apache web server

Web servers installed on Linux are divided into Nginx web servers and Apache web servers, and have the following differences.

Original Korean article: Install Nginx web server (Centos 8)

• Apache is an open source HTTP server, while Nginx is an open source, high-performance asynchronous web server and reverse proxy server.
• While the development and evolution of Apache HTTP Server is managed and maintained by a global user community (Apache Software Foundation), Nginx is maintained and maintained by the company of the same name, founded in 2011.
• While Apache provides various multiprocessing modules to handle client requests and web traffic, Nginx is designed to handle multiple client requests simultaneously with minimal hardware resources.
• In Apache, a single thread is associated with one connection, but in Nginx, a single thread can handle multiple connections. This process consumes less memory and improves performance.
• While Apache HTTP Server has a non-scalable, multi-threaded architecture, Nginx follows an asynchronous event-based approach to handling multiple client requests.
• The Apache server serves static content using traditional methods and handles dynamic content natively within the web server itself. Nginx, on the other hand, cannot handle dynamic content internally and relies on external processes to do so.

In other words, Apache has a relative advantage in terms of security and stability, and nginx has a relative advantage in terms of efficiency and speed. Activate and install Centos 8 RHEL & REMI Repository.

2. Install nginx web server

1) Update

sudo dnf update

2) Search nginx and check version

sudo dnf list install nginx

3) Install nginx

sudo dnf install -y nginx.x86_64

4) Check nginx status

sudo systemctl status nginx

5) Start nginx

Press Ctrl+c to exit and start nginx.

sudo systemctl start nginx

Enable it to run automatically when booting. If you do not execute the following command, it will run in a dead state rather than a running state when booting.

sudo systemctl enable nginx

3. firewall Firewall settings

1) Check firewall status

sudo firewall-cmd --state

2) Check firewall list

sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --list-all

3) Add http(80) port

sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-port=80/tcp

4) Update firewall

sudo firewall-cmd --reload

If you check with the following command, you can see that the 80/tcp item in ports has been added.

sudo firewall-cmd --state

If you want to delete a port, you can use the following command to delete an open port.

firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --remove-port=80/tcp

5) Check web access

Enter the IP address in a web browser and the following screen will appear.

If an error occurs in the web browser, check the status of nginx to see if it is operating normally. Next, check whether the firewall is working and port 80 is open.

Good article to read together

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FAQ

What is this article about?

This article is an English translation and global-reader adaptation of the Korean post “Install Nginx web server (Centos 8).” It preserves the original article’s main explanation, examples, and practical context.

Why is it translated into English?

The English version helps global readers access Thinknote articles through English search keywords while keeping the Korean source available as the original reference.

Where can I read the original Korean version?

You can read the original Korean article here: https://www.thinknote.co.kr/nginx-web-server-install-centos8/

1. What is a Virtual Machine?

VirtualBox is a virtual machine that anyone can use as free software. A virtual machine () is a virtual environment with its own CPU, memory, network interfaces, and storage created on a physical hardware system. A physical machine equipped with a hypervisor, such as a Kernel-Based Virtual Machine (KVM), is called a host machine, host computer, host operating system, or simply host.

Original Korean article: VirtualBox Virtual Box virtual machine download and installation

The hypervisor can easily relocate computing resources such as CPU, memory, and storage between existing guests or to new virtual machines. Virtual machines are not suitable for use in resource-intensive 3D, graphics, or physics engines.

Virtual machines can install various operating systems such as MacOS, Linux, and Windows, and each operating system is configured similarly to the physical environment.

1) Virtual machine type

A virtual machine has various software depending on the operating system of the host PC. The following virtual machine software is available for free. Here, we will build a virtual environment using VirtualBox software.

• Virtualization Manager
• VM Monitor
• VMware Fusion (Mac)
• Parallels
• VMware Workstation Player
• Hyper-V
• VirtualBox
• QEMU
• Gnome Boxes
• Red Hat Virtualization

2. Understanding VirtualBox

1) VirtualBox Features

VirtualBox is free software and anyone can use it. VirtualBox was originally created by Innotek GmbH, which was acquired by Sun Microsystems in 2008 and by Oracle in 2010.

VirtualBox is the best software for developers who need to develop in a variety of virtual environments for enterprise visualization and home use. VirtualBox is an open source hypervisor for x86 computers and is one of the best VM software that supports creation and management of virtual machines.

VirtualBox can install and run Windows, Linux, BSD and other OS. A notable aspect of VirtualBox is its ability to transfer virtual machines from one host to another.

2) VirtualBox virtualization

Users of VirtualBox can load multiple guest OSs on a single host operating system (host OS). Each guest can be started, paused, and stopped independently within its own virtual machine.

Users can configure each virtual machine independently and run it in either software-based virtualization or hardware-assisted virtualization, if supported by the underlying host hardware.

The host OS and guest OS and applications can communicate with each other through several mechanisms, including a common clipboard and virtualized network functions. Guest virtual machines can also communicate if they are configured to communicate directly with each other.

3) VirtualBox features

• You can resize the window.
• Supports multiple screen resolutions.
• Windows 10 supports drag and drop functionality.
• It gives you the flexibility to run any application on your PC.
• You can run multiple guest windows simultaneously on the same computer.
• Seamless mode allows you to run macOS and Windows applications side by side.
• Supports Linux, Mac, Windows, Solaris, and OpenSolaris platforms.

4) Virtualization supported OS

• Windows 7 or higher
• Windows Server 2012 or later
• linux distribution
• macOS versions 10.13 High Sierra through 10.15 Catalina (Intel-based Macs only)
• Oracle Solaris

5) VirtualBox Link

https://www.virtualbox.org/

3. Install VirtualBox

1) Download VirtualBox

2) Install VirtualBox (install Windows hosts)

3) Run VirtualBox Manager

Good article to read together

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• Installing and managing MariaDB (MySQL)
• Activate Centos 8 RHEL & REMI Repository
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FAQ

What is this article about?

This article is an English translation and global-reader adaptation of the Korean post “VirtualBox Virtual Box virtual machine download and installation.” It preserves the original article’s main explanation, examples, and practical context.

Why is it translated into English?

The English version helps global readers access Thinknote articles through English search keywords while keeping the Korean source available as the original reference.

Where can I read the original Korean version?

You can read the original Korean article here: https://www.thinknote.co.kr/virtualbox-install-virtual-machine/

1. Run virtual PC (hereinafter referred to as Ubuntu Server)

Ubuntu installation is carried out by running the configured virtual environment. Since Korean version cannot be installed during installation of Ubuntu 22.04 version, you must complete the installation and additionally install a Korean input method to use Korean language.

Original Korean article: Install Ubuntu 22.04.1 (VirtualBox)

If you have not set up VirtualBox first, click the link below to set up VirtualBox before proceeding.

Download Ubuntu and set up Ubuntu (Virtualbox)

• Run VirtualBox Manager and click Start in the top menu.

2. Install Ubuntu

• The ubuntu iso image mounted on the IDE controller is loaded and takes you to the installation screen.

• There is no Korean in the language settings, so I installed it in English.

• The Installer continues without updates.

• Select English as the keyboard language and click Done.

• Select Ubuntu Server as the Ubuntu installation type and click Finish.

• Network settings are set to default settings. The IP address set automatically is the address assigned by Virtualbox.

• Click Done without entering the proxy address for proxy settings.

• For Ubuntu archive mirror, select the default settings and click Done.

• Depending on your configuration, you can set the storage settings to a custom storage layout, but since we are using a new disk, select the default settings and click Finish.

• The default partitions are shown, and you can see that the root partition and boot partition consist of 20G, and there is 20G of free space.

• Select Create Logical Volume to configure the unallocated space into the /home directory.

• Write name as home and allocate maximum space as shown below. If left blank, maximum space will be automatically allocated. Select ext4 as the Format and /home as the Mount and click Create.

• You can see that the /home directory has been added in the partition configuration information. Click Done.

• In the confirmation window, select and click Continue.

• Enter the name of Ubuntu and the server name. Additionally, enter your username and password. The user name and password entered here will be used as the login ID and password.

• OpenSSH Server is a package for external connection using the SSH program. To connect to the terminal, select OpenSSH server and click Done.

• Select the Server Snaps you want to further configure. Click Done without installing here.

• Installation will begin, and if you want to see the installation details, click view full log.

• Once the installation is complete, you will see the Cancel update and reboot menu, click on it to restart the server.

• When the restart is complete and the login terminal appears, log in with the username and password you entered in [Step 15].

• Once login is complete, enter ‘username@hostname:~’ terminal and a command line will appear and installation is complete.

Good article to read together

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• Installing and managing MariaDB (MySQL)
• Activate Centos 8 RHEL & REMI Repository
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FAQ

What is this article about?

This article is an English translation and global-reader adaptation of the Korean post “Install Ubuntu 22.04.1 (VirtualBox).” It preserves the original article’s main explanation, examples, and practical context.

Why is it translated into English?

The English version helps global readers access Thinknote articles through English search keywords while keeping the Korean source available as the original reference.

Where can I read the original Korean version?

You can read the original Korean article here: https://www.thinknote.co.kr/ubuntu-2204-install-virtualbox/

1. Ubuntu introduction and download

1) What is Ubuntu?

Ubuntu setup is done with Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS version. Ubuntu is an open source operating system for Linux distributions designed and engineered to be the backbone of the Internet. Ubuntu Server provides economic and technical scalability for public or private data centers. Especially if you want to deploy an OpenStack cloud, Kubernetes cluster, or 50,000-node render farm, Ubuntu Server offers the best value scaling performance available. Ubuntu installation is done with version 22.04.1 LTS.

Original Korean article: Download Ubuntu and set up Ubuntu (virtualbox)

Ubuntu has several editions that can run on different types of systems, including core, server, and desktop. Each edition is available for personal computers, servers, supercomputers, cloud computing, and more.

Ubuntu is an operating system that appeals to users as it is a free, open source solution that is secure and easy to use. It is also user-friendly, customizable, and offers improved security within the OS.

2) Differences between Ubuntu Server and Desktop

Ubuntu Server Edition and Ubuntu Desktop Edition use the same apt repositories, so you can easily install server applications on the Desktop Edition just as you would on the Server Edition.

One major difference is that the graphical environment used in Desktop Edition is not installed for the server. This includes the graphics server itself, graphics utilities and applications, and various user support services required by desktop users.

3) Ubuntu installation system requirements

Ubuntu Server Edition provides a common, minimalist foundation for a variety of server applications such as file/print services, web hosting, email hosting, and more. Ubuntu Server Edition versions support four 64-bit architectures.

• amd64 (Intel/AMD 64-bit)
• arm64 (64-bit ARM)
• ppc64el (POWER8 and POWER9)
• s390x (IBM Z and LinuxONE)
• CPU: 1 GHz or higher
• RAM: 1GB or more
• Disk: 2.5 GB minimum

4) Preparing to install Ubuntu

Before installing Ubuntu Server Edition, make sure all data on your system is backed up. If this is not your first time installing an operating system on your computer, you may need to repartition your disk to make room for Ubuntu.

Whenever you partition a disk, you should be prepared to lose all the contents of the disk if you make a mistake or encounter problems while partitioning. The programs used for installation are very reliable and most have been around for many years, but they also perform destructive actions.

5) Download Ubuntu

Download link: https://ubuntu.com/

2. Set up virtual machine ubuntu in Virtualbox

1) Ubuntu settings

You can configure the virtual machine Ubuntu at an appropriate level according to the specifications of your host computer.

Select the name of the virtual machine, the storage folder, and the downloaded ubuntu iso image.

Set the default memory and number of Processors to be used by the virtual machine, taking into account the host computer specifications.

Although you can use an existing virtual disk, we are creating a virtual disk here.

Once setup is complete, you can check your virtual PC's hardware configuration in the VirtualBox admin menu.

Good article to read together

• VirtualBox Virtual Box virtual machine download and installation
• Install Ubuntu 22.04.1 (VirtualBox)
• Setting up and connecting Ubuntu SSH ports
• ubuntu update and upgrade
• Install and enable Ubuntu firewall iptables

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FAQ

What is this article about?

This article is an English translation and global-reader adaptation of the Korean post “Download Ubuntu and set up Ubuntu (virtualbox).” It preserves the original article’s main explanation, examples, and practical context.

Why is it translated into English?

The English version helps global readers access Thinknote articles through English search keywords while keeping the Korean source available as the original reference.

Where can I read the original Korean version?

You can read the original Korean article here: https://www.thinknote.co.kr/ubuntu-download-virtualbox-setup/

1. Update and Upgrade

To keep Ubuntu up to date, use the update or upgrade command. Update and upgrade may be the same, but there is a difference. The update command does not change the package to the latest version, but instead retrieves information about the latest version available on the system.

Original Korean article: ubuntu update and upgrade

That is, it does not download or install any packages. You must use the upgrade command to download and install the package. The system operates on a database of available packages.

The database does not contain packages, only the package's metadata (version, repositories, dependencies, etc.). So without updating the database the system won't know whether there is a newer package available or not.

Update and upgrade are administrative commands and must be executed with root privileges. sudo allows you to run commands as Ubuntu root. So I log in as root or use sudo for both commands.

1) apt update

Get updated metadata from a package with the apt update command. Your local package cache will be updated and you will see which packages are available for upgrade.

apt update: Updates the package cache (knows which package versions can be installed or upgraded)

• package update

sudo apt update

You can use the apt and apt-get commands to update the package cache. The two commands are the same, but the difference is that the apt command displays the number of upgradeable packages. Here it shows that there are 59 upgradeable packages.

2) apt upgrade

You can upgrade all (upgradable) packages with sudo apt upgrade. You can press Enter or Y to proceed with the upgrade, or press N to cancel.

apt upgrade: Upgrade a package to a new version

• View package upgrade list

sudo apt list --upgradeable

You can upgrade the entire package with the sudo get upgrade command, but before that, you can check the list of packages that can be upgraded.

• package upgrade

sudo apt upgrade

Before the upgrade begins, you will be asked whether you want to continue. Type Y to proceed with the upgrade, n to cancel, and then press enter. Here, type Y to proceed with the upgrade and proceed.

When the upgrade is complete, a window will appear asking you to restart the service. Here we select OK and continue. When the upgrade is complete, you can check the restarted services.

If you re-enter the sudo apt update command, you can see that there are no upgradeable packages.

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FAQ

What is this article about?

This article is an English translation and global-reader adaptation of the Korean post “ubuntu update and upgrade.” It preserves the original article’s main explanation, examples, and practical context.

Why is it translated into English?

The English version helps global readers access Thinknote articles through English search keywords while keeping the Korean source available as the original reference.

Where can I read the original Korean version?

You can read the original Korean article here: https://www.thinknote.co.kr/ubuntu-update-upgrade/

1. Nginx web server Vs Apache web server

Here we proceed with installing the Nginx web server. Web servers installed on Linux are divided into Nginx web servers and Apache web servers, and have the following differences. Apache is an open source HTTP server, while Nginx is an open source, high-performance asynchronous web server and reverse proxy server.

Original Korean article: Install Nginx web server (ubuntu)

While the development and evolution of Apache HTTP Server is managed and maintained by a worldwide user community (Apache Software Foundation), Nginx is maintained and maintained by the company of the same name, founded in 2011.

While Apache provides various multiprocessing modules to handle client requests and web traffic, Nginx is designed to handle multiple client requests simultaneously with minimal hardware resources.

In Apache, a single thread is associated with one connection, but in Nginx, a single thread can handle multiple connections. This process consumes less memory and improves performance.

While Apache HTTP Server has a non-scalable multi-threaded architecture, Nginx follows an asynchronous event-based approach for handling multiple client requests.

The Apache server serves static content using traditional methods and handles dynamic content natively within the web server itself. Nginx, on the other hand, cannot handle dynamic content internally and relies on external processes to do so.

2. Install Nginx web server

Update package information with apt update and apt upgrade. Check packages related to nginx with the list option. Install the nginx web server using the nginx installation command.

• This command displays nginx-related package information.

sudo apt list nginx*

• Run the command to install nginx.

sudo apt install nginx

• Check the version of nginx installed.

sudo nginx -v

• Check the status of the nginx service.

sudo systemctl status nginx

2. Port settings for external connection

Even though the web server is installed, it does not mean that you can connect to it right away. The environment where Ubuntu is installed is composed of a virtual server on the host computer, and the Ubuntu server is provided with a firewall service using iptables.

The first step is to open a port on your ubuntu server. If you need to understand iptables, you can check it out through the following article.

Ubuntu firewall iptables configuration and management – ​​Thinknote

1) Allow nginx http port

The http port uses 80. Open iptables to use TCP port 80 and print out the rules to see if the chain is registered in iptables.

• -A : Add to chain
• -p tcp : protocol tcp
• -m tcp: tcp match, extended match
• –dport: Port number
• — j : Jump to target
• ACCEPT: Allow

sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
sudo iptables -S

Save the added rules and reload.

sudo netfilter-persistent save
sudo netfilter-persistent reload

2) Add VirtualBox port

You must add a port to VirtualBox to be able to connect from the host computer's IP or localhost (127.0.0.1). And if you are using a router, you can connect from outside by using the router's DMZ function or the router's port forwarding function. This does not cover the router's DMZ settings.

If you want to know the detailed procedures of VirtualBox, you can click the link below.

Ubuntu SSH port settings and connection – Thinknote

Add forwarding to port 80 as shown in the image below.

3. Check Nginx web server connection

Once the port opening is complete, connect to the nginx web server on the Ubuntu server through the host computer's Internet browser.

• Connect to localhost (127.0.0.1)

• Connect to the internal IP of the host computer

• Connect to external IP

Good article to read together

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• Install and enable Ubuntu firewall iptables
• Ubuntu firewall iptables setup and management
• Install PHP 8 (ubuntu)
• Setting up Nginx + Php8

Related Reading

• Related Thinknote article
• Related Thinknote article
• Related Thinknote article
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• Related Thinknote article

FAQ

What is this article about?

This article is an English translation and global-reader adaptation of the Korean post “Install Nginx web server (ubuntu).” It preserves the original article’s main explanation, examples, and practical context.

Why is it translated into English?

The English version helps global readers access Thinknote articles through English search keywords while keeping the Korean source available as the original reference.

Where can I read the original Korean version?

You can read the original Korean article here: https://www.thinknote.co.kr/nginx-web-server-install-ubuntu/